New houses, shops, factories and warehouses sprung up throughout the inner city. The supply of fresh water to the town of Sydney remained a problem, though it was alleviated somewhat in 1827 by a scheme which brought water from Lachlan Swamps (now part of Centennial Park) to a distribution point in Hyde Park. It was not until the arrival of the railway late in the 19th century that the Hornsby plateau became easily accessible and the orchards dotted along the bush track that became Pacific Highway slowly gave way to residential development. But development was always slower on the north shore than the south, its steep, heavily wooded valleys were difficult to access and less suitable to farming than the lightly timbered plains of the harbour's southern shores. To the north-west, farms and orchards had been established in and around Ryde, with vineyards successfully planted and the colony's first brewery opening there in the 1830s. Orchards were planted in the Lane Cove district on the land cleared by timber cutters who had begun their logging activities during Macquarie's governorship when a saw-pit was established on the Lane Cove River in 1813. In those days, its name referred the whole area between modern day Lane Cove and Neutral Bay. Leonards, the first settlement on the north shore, began its slow but steady growth in the 1820s, boasting a population of 412 and a church by 1843. By the time gold was discovered near Bathurst in 1851, the districts of Strawberry Hill, Surry Hills, Chippendale, Redfern and Alexandria to the south, Pyrmont, Leichhardt and Glebe to the west and Paddington and Darlinghurst to the east joined the list of localities that had been or were in the process of being subdivided and developed. The original grants in the outlying areas of Woolloomooloo and Potts Point in the east and Pyrmont, Balmain and Annandale in the west had been subdivided for development. The last convicts to be transported to Australia arrived at Fremantle in 1868.Īs for Sydney itself, the grid pattern of streets which Macquarie had introduced was extended. A further 40 aboard thhe Adelaide sailed on the Hobart. The last 259 convicts to New South Wales sailed from London on 17th August 1849 aboard the Adelaide and arrived in Sydney on 24th December 1849. As a result, transportation to all Australian colonies except Western Australia ceased in 1849. The system was found to be sadly lacking and totally ineffective both as a deterrent and as a rehabilition process. This treatment of convicts continued until the late 1830s when the Molesworth Committee Enquiry into the effectiveness of the existing convict transportation scheme as a deterrent presented its findings to the Bitish Government in 1838 and put the whole issue of transportation and the treatment of convicts under the microscope throughout the British Empire. It was particularly bad under Darling who vigorously maintained such harsh treatments as public floggings, solitary confinement, the wearing of ball and chain and the use of chain gangs to make roads. In spite of the optimism instilled into the hearts and minds of the people of Sydney by Macquarie, the lot of the convict did not improve, rather it worsened. The commercial sector grew in leaps and bounds as a result of the pastoral boom of the 1820s and 30s which saw land from the Camden area in the south to the Hawkesbury in the north, not to mention the Bathurst plains beyond the Great Divide snapped up, cleared and farmed. Lachlan Macquarie after his departure, his efforts had been sufficient to set in motion a sense of civic pride, a new direction and confidence in the future based on the premise that Sydney was become more and more a colony of settlers and less and less a prison camp. Though public spending was brought under tight control after what was seen by the British government as extravagance on the part of Gov. Period covered by this chapter - 1st December 1821 to 23rd February 1838ġst December, 1821 to 1st December, 1825: Major-General Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane, Governor.ġ9th December, 1825 to 21st October, 1831: Lieutenant-General Ralph Darling, Governor.Ģ2nd October to 2nd December, 1831: Colonal Patrick Lindesay administered.ģrd December, 1831 to 5th December, 1837: Major-General Sir Richard Bourke, GovernorĦth December, 1837 to 23rd February, 1838: Lieutenant-Colonel Kenneth Snodgrass administered.
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